ПРОБЛЕМЫ РЕАЛИЗАЦИИ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИХ ИНСТРУМЕНТОВ ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ ПОЛИТИКИ НА ТЕРРИТОРИИ С ОСОБЫМ РЕЖИМОМ ПРИРОДОПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ РЕСПУБЛИКИ БУРЯТИЯ)

Abstract:
The article examines the problems of implementation of key economic instruments of environmental policy in territories subject to special environmental protection regimes, where the imperatives of preserving vulnerable ecosystems come into conflict with the objectives of socio-economic development. Using the Republic of Buryatia – a region with a special natural resource use regime – as a case study, a retrospective analysis for the period 2014–2024 is conducted. The methodological framework of the study comprises structural-dynamic and comparative analysis of budgetary data, as well as graphical interpretation of trends. The objects of the study are four groups of instruments: payments for negative environmental impact (NEI), payments for the use of natural resources, investments in fixed capital for environmental purposes, and subsidies to legal entities. The empirical base includes reports of the Federal Treasury, data from the Federal Tax Service, and regulatory legal acts. It is established that the implementation of these instruments is accompanied by systemic problems: the low incentive role of NEI payments (their share in consolidated budget revenues does not exceed 0.13% throughout the entire period); the strengthening of raw material specialization in the structure of resource payments (the share of the mineral extraction tax grew from 36.5% to 69.3% while the relative significance of these payments declined simultaneously); monostructural concentration of investments on water management facilities (up to 82.9% in 2023) with the federal budget dominating as the source of financing (up to 87.1%); and the transformation of subsidies from an environmental incentive into a mechanism supporting the regional operator for municipal solid waste management. Based on the obtained results, the necessity is substantiated of developing a new regional strategy for fund distribution oriented toward the greening of production, revision of payment standards for discharges into water bodies, and reduction of dependence on federal target programs. The results of the study can be used by executive authorities of constituent entities of the Russian Federation when adjusting regional environmental programs.