ЭВОЛЮЦИЯ ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКИХ ПРЕДСТАВЛЕНИЙ О ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКОМ СУВЕРЕНИТЕТЕ КАК ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ КАТЕГОРИИ

Abstract:
In Russian economic policy, technological sovereignty is often assessed based on the localization of production and the share of import-substituting components, while real technological independence requires a much more complex institutional, human resources, and innovation architecture. This article aims to clarify the content of technological sovereignty as an economic category and identify the mechanisms for its sectoral implementation. The hypothesis is that technological sovereignty is not solely determined by the availability of critical technologies within a country, but rather by the alignment of sectoral policies, institutional frameworks, scientific and technological capabilities, human resources, and mechanisms for cooperation between the government, business, science, and education. The novelty of this work lies in the fact that technological sovereignty is considered as an integral characteristic of the national innovation system, rather than as part of the import substitution process. The study is based on the works of Russian and foreign authors (J. Boden, P. Grant, L.I. Abalkin, A.A. Afanasyev, V.V. Ivanov, E.V. Selyutin, and V.K. Faltsman), as well as regulatory and strategic documents, including the Strategy for Scientific and Technological Development, the Concept for Technological Development until 2030, and the Decree on National Projects for Technological Leadership. The study uses a systematic analysis, a comparative legal method, a structural and functional decomposition of institutional mechanisms, and a synthesis of concepts. It establishes that technological sovereignty ensures the competitiveness of the economy through technological independence in critical areas, the creation of its own development and production lines, the development of small technology companies, and the integration of science, education, and production. The practical significance is determined by the proposal of specific areas for increasing the technological sovereignty of industries: diagnostics of technological maturity, prioritization of critical technologies, development of engineering culture, and development of institutional mechanisms for cooperation. In the future, it is planned to develop sectoral indicator models and test the methodology using the pharmaceutical industry in Russia.